Dosen Ali Muhli, SE., MM Tugas Ekonomi Internasional (Rangkuman Bab IV)

 

DASAR TUKAR INTERNASIONAL (TERM OF TRADE)

(EKONOMI INTERNASIONAL)

 

 

Disusun oleh

Dwi Reza Wijayanto                         (NPM : 11217822)

 

Dosen : Ali Muhli, SE., MM

4EA30

FAKULTAS EKONOMI

JURUSAN MANAJEMEN

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

2020

Dasar pertukaran internasional mengungkapkan bagaimana pola perdaganganinternasional dengan memperhitungkan penggunaan faktor produksi sebagai tolak ukur.

·         Kurs dan Penyesuaian (Exchange Rate and Adjustment)

Perdagangan internasional yang dilakukan oleh suatu Negara dalamperkembangan dihadapkan oleh fluktuasi kurs yang tidak dapat dihindari. Begitu pulaterhadap arus investasi yang secara keseluruhan terungkap pada neracappembayaran. Kondisi ini memerlukan penyesuaian kurs yang menggunakan systemyang saling terkait, flexible % floating exchange rate system, fixed exchange rate dan exchange control.

1.      Floating / Flexible Exchange Rate system

System ini disebut juga sebagai sistemkurs mengambang, bahwa perubahan nilai kurs terjadi disebabkan oleh kekuatan permintaan di satu sisi dankekuatanpenawaran disisi lain, berarti semata'mata kurs ditentukan oleh kedua pelaku pasar sehingga sistim ini disebut juga sebagai kurs pasar atau bebas.

2.      Fixed Exchange Rate System

Suatu system sebagaiupaya mempertahankan kurs valuta asing yang tetap padatingkat tertentu, dan mengharapkan elemen'elemen intern lainnya dalam system tersebat dapat menjamin perekonomian berada dalam keseimbangan internasional. System ini mempertahankan nilai kurs inidilakukan oleh pihak eksekutif ataupemerintah. Adapun yang dimaksud dengan elemen intern mencakup stabilitas ekonomi, dimana system ekonomi berlangsung dengan baik (moneter, fiskal, nonfiskal,dan moneter)

3.      Exchange Control System

Suatu kebijakan yang dilakukan oleh bank sentral untuk melakukan diskriminasiterhadap valuta asing dan barang dalam rangka pengawasan devisa. Dalam sistim inipemerintah praktis memonopoli keseluruhann transaksi berkaitan dengan valuta asingyang bertujuan untuk mencegah adanya aliran masuk modal keluar dan melindungipengaruh depresi darinegara lain untuk mengatasi keterbatasan cadangan devisa. Tujuan suatu negara menjalankan exchange control mencakup antara lain. Mencegah terjadinya aliran modal ke luar negeri untuk menekan dise-uilibrium neraca pembayaran internasional. Melindungi industry dalam negeri dalam persaiangan degan industry Negara lain/. Pemerintahan memperoleh pendapatan.

·         Proteksi, Tarif dan Kuota

Proteksi disebut juga perlinduangan yang dilakukan pemerintah pada industry domestic dan sekaligus membesarkannya yang berlaku diperdaganganumum. Kebijakan proteksi memiliki dua alasan dasar, yaitu baerupa alasan infrantindustry dan alasan strategi.

Ada beberapa bentuk proteksi ,yang secara garis besar adalah seperti berikut ini :

1.      Kuota

2.      Perdagangan oleh pemerintah

3.      Control devisa

4.      Larangan impor

5.      Hukum local mengenai pembelian

6.      Hambatan non tariff

·      Tarif Effect

1.      Consumption effect dapat dinyatakan sebagai pengaruh tarif yang dirasakanoleh konsumen berupa kerugian sebagai akibat dari kenaikan harga barang.

2.      Income effect dapat diartkan sebagai pendapatan yang diterima Negara ataskebijakan proteksi berupa pengenaan tariff impor

3.      Production effect berupa manfaat yang dinikmati oleh produsen dlam negeriberupa kenaikan harga barang1.

4.      Redistribution effect merupakan subsidi yang diperoleh oleh produsen dalam negeri dari pemerintah dalam negeri dari pemrintah sebagai kebijakan proteksi dari instrument tarif impor.

·        Alasan Merosotnya Dasar Tukar Internasional (DTI)

1.      Elastisitas Pendapatan
Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang terjadi secara berkesinambungan menyebabkan meningkatnya permintaan suatu negara (baik berkembang maupun maju) terhadap barang primer maupun hasil industri olahan. Namun, peningkatan tersebut terjadi dalam proporsi yang tidak sama.

2.      Substitusi

-          Jika harga barang primer meningkat dalam waktu yang cukup lama, maka negara maju akan berusaha untuk membuat barang pengganti (substitusi) bagi barang primer tersebut.

-          Selama ini barang substitusi tersebut banyak menyebabkan turunnya harga dan jumlah yang diminta bagi barang-barang primer.

3.      Pengaruh dari Ekonimi (Business- Cycle)

Tiadanya organisasi buruh yang kuat di negara berkembang sehingga upah lebih mudah dapat ditekan ke bawah daripada di negara maju yang memiliki organisasi buruh yang kuat.

4.      Struktur Pasar

 

·        Konsep Terms Of Trade  / Dasar Tukar  :

a.      Net Barter Terms of Trade  (N) atau Commodity TOT 

adalah perbandingan index harga ekspor dgn index harga impor.

Dinyatakan dalam:

    N = Px/Pm x 100

Px = index harga ekspor

Pm= index harga impor

100= index tahun dasar

b.      Gross Barter Term of Trade

Gross barter term of trade adalah perbandingan antara indeks kuantitas ekspor (Q_x) dengan indeks kuantitas impor (Q_m), atau dirumuskan : G = Q_x/ Q_m.   Apabila G mengalami kenaikan berarti posisi perdagangan luar negeri negeri negara tersebut kurang baik atau kurang menguntungkan karena diperlukan ekspor yang lebih besar untuk mendapatkan sejumlah impor tertentu.

c.          Income Term of Trade

Konsep income term of trade ini lebih penting bagi negara-negara berkembang, karena mencerminkan kemampuan negara tersebut untuk mengimpor barang-barang dari hasil ekspor. Dirumuskan sebagai : I = N. Q_x = (P_x/P_m). Q_x.

d.         Factorial Term of Trade

Apabila faktor produktivitas di dalam memproduksi barang dipertimbangkan dalam penghitungan dasar tukar maka konsep ini dinamakan factorial term of trade,  yang dapat dibedakan menjadi single factorial term of trade dan doble factorial term of trade dimana masing-masingnya dirumuskan  sebagai berikut:

a) Single factorial term of trade : S = N. Z_x = (P_x/P_m). Z_x

b) Doble factorial term of trade : D = N. (Z_x/Z_m) =

    (P_x.Z_x)/(P_m.Z_m)

·        Beberapa Bentuk Kerjasama Ekonomi Internasional

1.                  Organisasi & Kerjasama Multilateral.

2.                  Kerjasama Bilateral.

3.                  Kerjasama Sektoral.

·        Perjanjian Perdagangan Internasional

Perjanjian perdagangan internasional muncul disebabkan oleh kebijakan perdagangan yang diterapkan suatu negara diikuti kebijakan Negara lain demi kepentingan dalam negeri masing-masing Negara, sehingga kondisi ini mengakibatkan perselisihan dan pertentangan yang tidak hanya membahayakan perekonomian domestic tetapi lebih jauh perekonomian global. Perjanjian yang terjadi, apakah perjanjian unilateral, bilateral, regional,dan multilateral mengikat masing-masing Negara untuk mematuhi kesepakatan perjanjian. Berbagai bentuk perjanjian ini kemudian membentuk new theory perdagangan internasional yang bermakna bagaimana perjanjian kerjasama perdagangan internasioanal memberikan manfaat bagi suatu Negara.

 DAFTAR PUSTAKA

http://www.pendidikanekonomi.com/2012/12/dasar-tukar-internasional-terms-of-trade.html

http://www.ut.ac.id/html/suplemen/espa4216/25.htm

http://rinaldisantoso.blogspot.com/2012/07/ekonomi-internasional.html

http://fytakennedy.blogspot.com/2013/11/ekonomi-internasional.html

Makalah Simple Present Tense

MAKALAH SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Disusun Oleh:

-          Dwi Reza Wijayanto                   11217822

-          Eva Primayshela Anjani             11217994

-          Mohammad Boris Pasya Zola    13217680

-          Safira Nur Azizah                       15217443

-          Sonia Adeliani                             15217749

          DOSEN PEMBIMBING : MERISKA YOSIANA, SS., M.HUM

FAKULTAS EKONOMI

JURUSAN MANAJEMEN

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

2017/2018

CHAPTER 1

                                                     INTRODUCTION    

1.1    Issue background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2    Problem identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3   Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1  Understanding simple present tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.2  Purpose simple present tense. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3  Verbal sentence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    

2.4  Word order of question with do and does. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   

2.5  Question word verbal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

2.6  Nominal sentence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   

2.7  Question word nominal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  

CHAPTER III

FINAL

3.1  Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2  Sugestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.3  Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Issue Background                                                                                                 

Tenses are important in English education. If someone wants to master the English well, then he should be able to master the good tenses. Among the forms of tenses we will discuss the simple present tense.

            Present Tense or also known as Simple Present Tense is a form of time used to express deeds. Where the Simple Present Tense is used in declaring events that occur today or is a daily habit, it can also be used to express a general truth.

1.2 Problem Identification                                                                                                               

1. What is a Simple Present Tense?

2. What are the uses of Simple Present Tense?

3. What is the function and structure of the Simple Present Tense in the Nominal sentence?

4. What is the function and structure of Simple Present Tense in Verbal sentences?

5. What are the uses and types of Negative Simple Present Tense sentences?

6. What are the types and sentences of the Simple Present Tense Question?

7. How is the short answer with Do and Does?

1.3 Purpose

The purpose of writing this paper is:

1.To readers can understand and apply tenses in everyday conversations or formal activities that use English as the main language.

2. To know the formula in the use of Simple Present Tense in a sentence.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Understanding Simple Present Tense                                                                                   

            Simple Present Tense is a simple phrase used to describe a daily activity or daily habits. The Present tense also states an act or activity that takes place or occurs in the present time in a simple form.

2.2 Purpose Simple Present Tense                                                                                     Simple Present Tense can be used as follows:

2.2.1 Used to express a habit that is done at a certain time                                                     Example :                                                                                                                                           -  I only eat vegetables                                                                                                    -  She drinks tea at breakfeast                                                                                                              -  He visits my house twice a week

2.2.2 Used to express an activity that is repetitive                                                                   Example :                                                                                                                           -  I go to market every morning                                                                                            - My parents are always at home on Sunday

2.2.3 Used to express a general truth, a common truth that happens continuously   Example :                                                                                                - The sun rises in the east and sets in the west                                                                      - The earthis round                                                                                                                         - A week have seven week                                                                                                     - Ice is cold (es itu dingin)                                                                                         - fire is hot (api itu panas)

2.2.4 Used to express an instruction or direction.                                                                         Example :                                                                                                                                           - Open the bottle and pour the contents into glass                                                                    - I’ll let you enjoy dinner

2.2.5 Used to state situations that do not change                                                                       Example :                                                                                                                                            -  His father arrives tomorrow                                                                                                                  -  Our new year starts on the 1^st January

2.3 Verbal Sentence

+	Subject + Verb 1 + Object
-	Subject + DON'T / DOESN'T + Verb 1 + Object
?	DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?
?	Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?

Expressing Simple Present Tense sentences that use verbs

Example:

+	I speak English everyday She speaks English everyday
-	I don't speak English She doesn't speak English
?	Do you speak English? Jawaban: Yes I do, atau No, I don't Does she speak English? Jawaban: Yes She does, atau No, She doesn’t
?	Why do you speak English everyday ?

2.3.1 The positive verbal sentence formula used is:

For the subject I, You, We, They :

Subyek + infinitive (Verb 1)

For the subject He, She, It :

Subyek + infinitive (Verb 1) + s/es

Information :                                                                                                                      Infinitive is also called the first form verb (Verb 1)                                                  Contoh :                                                                                                                      - I write a letter everyday                                                                                                                             - She reads a magazine every morning                                                                                          - They visit their grandmother every Friday

There are some rules to watch out for when adding s / es to basic verbs, which are as follows:

2.3.1.1 In general, the verb is directly coupled with the suffix "-s"

No	Verb 1 (infinitive)	Addict a Suffix “-s”	Meaning
1	Read	Reads	Membaca
2	Work	Works	Bekerja
3	Write	Writes	Menulis
4	Set	Sets	Terbenam
5	Shine	Shines	Bersinar
6	Sing	Sings	Menyanyi
7	Bring	Brings	Membawa
8	Eat	Eats	Makan
9	Help	Helps	Menolong
10	Give	Gives	Memberi

2.3.1.2 The verb (infinitive) which ends with the letters "ch, o, s, sh, x, z" plus the suffix "-es"

No	Verb 1 (infinitive)	Addict a Suffix “-es”	Meaning
1	Teach	Teaches	Mengajar
2	Reach	Reaches	Menjangkau
3	Do	Does	Mengerjakan
4	Go	Goes	Pergi
5	Kiss	Kisses	Mencium
6	Discuss	Discusses	Mendiskusikan
7	Pass	Passes	Melewati
8	Wish	Wishes	Mengharapkan
9	Finish	Finishes	Menyelesaikan
10	Fix	Fixes	Memperbaiki

  

No	Verb 1 (infinitive)	Addict a Suffix “-es”	Meaning
1	Cry	Cries	Menangis
2	Carry	Carries	Membawa
3	Fly	Flies	Terbang
4	Study	Studies	Belajar
5	Reply	Replies	Menjawab
6	Try	Tries	Berusaha

2.3.1.3 The verb (infinitive) ends with the letter "-y" and preceded by the consonant, then the suffix "-y" is changed to "-i" and then "-es" is added.

No	Verb 1 (infinitive)	Addict a Suffix “-s”	Meaning
1	Buy	Buys	Membeli
2	Play	Plays	Bermain
3	Lay	Lays	Berbaring
4	Say	Says	Berkata

2.3.1.4 The verb (infinitive) ending with the letter "-y" beginning with the vowel, is sufficiently coupled with the "-s" suffix.

2.3.1.5 If the verb (infinitive) begins with an auxiliary verb, it does not get an extra "s / es".

No	Example Word	Mean
1	Must try	Harus mencoba
2	Must work	Harus bekerja
3	Can speak	Dapat bicara
4	Can write	Dapat menulis

               

2.3.2 The negative verbal sentence formula used is:
For subject I, You, We, They :

Subyek + do + not + infinitive (Verb 1)

For subject He, She, It :

Subyek + does + not + infinitive (Verb 1)

Information :

a. To form a negative verbal sentence should be added "do / does + not" which is placed before the verb (infinitive).

b. Do is used when the subject is I, You, We, They

c. Does used when the subject is He, She, It

d. In the form of a negative verbal sentence, the addition of "s / es" to the verb is omitted.

Example :

- I do not write a letter everyday

- She does not read a magazine every morning

- They do not visit their grandmother every Friday

2.4 Word Order of Question with Do and Does                                                                  The verbal sentence formula used is:
For subject I, You, We, They :

Do + Subyek + Infinitive (Verb 1) ?

 

For subject He, She, It :

Does + Subyek + Infinitive (Verb 1) ?

Information :
The verbal sentence question is formed by putting the do / does at the beginning of the sentence so the addition of "s / es" to the verb (infinitive) is also omitted (not required).
Example :                                                                                                                                         - Do I write a letter everyday?                                                                                                - Does She read a magazine every morning?         

- Do they visit their grandmother every Friday?

2.5 Question Word Verbal                                                                                                           If in a verbal sentence question is used along with a question word like: What, Where, When, Who, Why, Which, How, then the pattern of the sentence is                 

1. When the question word (question word) is used does not ask the subject, for example: Where, What, When, Why, Which, How can be used formula:
For subject I, You, We, They :

Question Word (QW) + do + Subyek + Infinitive ?

For subject He, She, It :

Question Word (QW) + does + Subyek + Infinitive ?

Example of sentence:
- Where do you live?               = I live in Jakarta
  (Dimana kamu tinggal?)        = (Saya tinggal di Jakarta)
  Jawabannya tidak Yes atau No tapi :
- What does she write?           = She writes a letter.
  (Apa yang dia tulis?)             = (Dia menulis sebuah surat.)

2. When the question word is used asks the subject, eg Who, then the formula as is:

Question Word (QW) + infinitive + s/es?

Information :
In the form of this question, the verb (infinitive) is added with "s / es" in accordance with the preceding rules.

Example :
- Who always helps your father?                    = My brother always helps my father.

2.6 Nominal Sentence                                                                                                            Expressing Simple Present Tense sentences that do not use verbs

+	Subject + To be 1 + Non Verb + Object
-	Subject + To be 1 + NOT + Non Verb + Object
?	To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?
?	Question Word + To be 1 + Subject + Non Verb + Object?

Example :

+	I am a teacher. She is a teacher.
-	I am not a teacher. She is not a teacher.
?	Are you a teacher? Jawaban: Yes I am, atau No, I am not Is she a teacher? Jawaban: Yes She is, atau No, She is not
?	What are you ? Jawaban: I am a teacher Where is your sister ? Jawaban: She is here

1. The formula of positive nominal sentences used is:

Subyek + To be + Noun Adjective/Adverb

Information :
Non verb or not verb (verb), can be noun (noun), adjective (adjective) or adverb (adverb).

To be (is, am, are) tailored to the subject of a sentence.

- is for the subject He, She, It

- are for the subject We, You, They

- am for subject I

Example :
- You are sad = kata sifat
  (Kamu sedih)
- We are in the library = kata keterangan
  (Kami ada di perpustakaan)
- She is a teacher.
  (Dia seorang guru)

But if before to be preceded by a verb, the form to be (is, am, are) changed to be for all subjects.
Example :
- I must be there
- He can be ill
2. The nominal negative sentence formula used is

Subjek + To be + not +Noun Adjective/Adverb

Information :
Negative nominal sentences are formed by adding notes back to be.                                             - You are not sad.
  (Kamu tidak sedih)
- We are not in the library.
  (Kami tidak ada di perpustakaan)
- She is not a teacher.
  (Dia bukan seorang guru)

3. The nominal sentence formula formula used is:

To be + Subjek + Noun Adjective/Adverb

Information :
Kalimat nominal ini dibentuk dengan to be di awal kalimat.
Contoh :
- Are you sad?
- Are we in the library?
- Is she a teacher?

2.7 Question Word Nominal                                                                                                      If the nominal sentence in question used the question word (question word), then the formula used is

Question Word (QW) + To be + subyek ?

Example:
- Where is your mother?                                                                                                                   - What is your occupation?

CHAPTER III

FINAL

3.1 Conclusion                                                                                                                   

Simple Present Tense is the Time Form used to express deeds. Simple Present Tense is used to express a habit that is performed at a certain time (habits), declares general truths, states a repeated actions, states an instruction or directions), states a fixed arrangement, declaring with future construction. Simple Present Tense is divided into:                                                                                                                                                1. Simple Present Tense Verb (verbal sentence) is a sentence in which there is a verb (main verb), which shows an activity. Can be a positive sentence, negative and sentence question.                                                                                                                             2. Simple Present Tense Non Verb (sentence nominal) is a sentence in which there is no verb but the bias of noun (noun), adjectives (adjectiva), and adverbs (adverb). Can be a positive sentence, negative and sentence Question.                                                                      3. Questions in the Simple Present Tense with Do and Does (sentence) is a sentence used in the sentence asked verbal and nominal forms using do and does.

3.2 Suggestion                                                                                                                             Discussion about Simple Present Tense not only limited to this paper alone, because we can dig more about Simple Present Tense. The goal for us as the successor of the Indonesian nation can                                                                                                                             

3.3 Reference                                                  nurlin23.blogspot.co.id/2016/09/makalah-simple-present-tense.html